Understanding Cargo Types: Your Essential Guide Before Booking Any Shipment
Shipping anything overseas – whether it’s a single pallet of handmade ceramics or 40,000 tonnes of Brazilian soyabeans – starts with one deceptively simple decision: how is this cargo actually classified? Choose wrongly and the consequences cascade: the booking gets rejected, the rate jumps overnight, customs seizes the container, or worse, the shipment becomes a safety hazard that delays an entire vessel. In an industry still recovering from pandemic disruptions, Suez and Panama Canal issues, and ever-tighter environmental rules, getting the cargo types right has never been more critical. This guide breaks down every major category you’re likely to meet, with expanded real-world examples, common traps, and the practical details that experienced shippers wish someone had told them on day one.
Everyday Container Shipping: FCL and LCL
The 20ft and 40ft dry container remains the backbone of global trade – over 90% of non-bulk cargo moves inside one. A Full Container Load (FCL) gives you exclusive use of the box: you (or your supplier) load it at the factory, it’s sealed, and nobody touches it again until the consignee cuts the seal at destination. Rates are usually quoted door-to-door and include the ocean freight, origin handling, and often delivery to your warehouse.
Less-than-Container-Load (LCL) is the shared-economy version of sea freight. Your pallets or cartons are taken to a consolidation warehouse (a Container Freight Station or CFS), stuffed with other shippers’ goods into a shared container, then de-consolidated at the other end. It’s perfect for shipments between 2 and 15 cubic metres, but you pay for the space you occupy plus handling fees at both ends. Lead times are longer because you wait for the container to fill and for de-stuffing on arrival. A hidden cost many newcomers miss: if another shipper in the same box has dangerous goods or pests, your perfectly clean cargo can be held up or fumigated too.
Since the 2016 SOLAS VGM rule, every loaded container must have a verified gross mass submitted before the terminal’s cut-off. Factories routinely under-declare weight to save on trucking, only for the shipping line to re-weigh and slap correction fees of $200–$500 per box.
When Things Won’t Fit in a Box: Break-Bulk and Project Cargo
Some cargo simply laughs at the idea of a standard container. Heavy machinery, steel plate, locomotives, yachts, generators, and wind-turbine components all travel as break-bulk or out-of-gauge (OOG). Flat-rack and open-top containers are used when the item is too tall or wide for a normal box but still needs lashing points. Truly oversized pieces go on deck as conventional break-bulk on multipurpose (MPP) vessels equipped with their own heavy cranes – some can lift 800–1,200 tonnes in tandem.
Project cargo is the end of this spectrum. Moving a single 500-tonne reactor from South Korea to a refinery in Saudi Arabia or a batch of 105-metre wind blades from China to Morocco involves years of planning: route surveys, port quay-strength calculations, temporary road reinforcements, and sometimes barging the piece the last few miles because no bridge can take the weight. Rates are negotiated shipment-by-shipment and can easily run into seven figures before you even pay ocean freight.
The Giants: Dry and Liquid Bulk
Dry bulk carriers (grains, coal, iron ore, bauxite, cement, fertilisers) and liquid bulk tankers (crude oil, petroleum products, chemicals, vegetable oils, LNG) still shift more tonnage each year than all the containers in the world combined. These are charter-market trades: you hire the whole ship or part of it for a voyage or a period. The three classic sizes – Handysize (20–40,000 dwt), Panamax (65–80,000 dwt), and Capesize (100–200,000+ dwt) – dictate which ports and canals your cargo can use.
The danger with certain dry bulks is cargo liquefaction. Group A cargoes like nickel ore, iron ore fines, and some bauxites behave like solids when dry but turn into a flowing liquid if moisture exceeds the Transportable Moisture Limit (TML). Ships have capsized and crews have been lost because shippers faked laboratory certificates. Today, many terminals demand independent testing and will refuse loading if rain is forecast.
Liquid bulk in portable ISO tank containers has grown massively for smaller parcels (15–25,000 litres) of chemicals, food-grade oils, or latex. These tanks slot into the same container ships as dry boxes but require heating or cooling coils and specialist cleaning stations between trips.
Keeping It Cold: Reefer and Temperature-Controlled Cargo
Reefer containers (integral units with their own refrigeration plant) and specialised reefer ships keep the world supplied with fresh produce, meat, seafood, and pharmaceuticals. Modern “CA” (controlled atmosphere) and “AFAM+” reefers can lower oxygen and tweak CO₂ levels to make avocados ripen perfectly weeks after picking. Settings range from −30 °C for tuna loins to +13–15 °C for bananas or table grapes.
Pharmaceutical shippers now demand “cold-chain GDP” compliance: continuous temperature monitoring, dual power supplies on board, and pre-cooling of the container for 24–48 hours before stuffing. A single power outage or a faulty data logger can render a $2 million shipment of vaccines worthless. Carriers like Maersk (Star Cool), MSC, and Hapag-Lloyd have invested heavily in remote monitoring so you can watch your container’s temperature in real-time from your phone.
The Tricky One: Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
Sooner or later, almost every shipper discovers their “harmless” product is regulated. The IMDG Code divides dangerous goods into nine classes and hundreds of UN numbers. Lithium batteries (UN 3480/3090/3481), electric bikes, power banks, perfumes, nail varnish, paint, aerosols, magnetised material, and even some charcoal now require full dangerous-goods declarations, special labels, and segregation from other cargo.
Packing is critical: batteries must be in approved inner packaging, limited quantities declared correctly, and the container placarded on all four sides. Many forwarders now refuse unaccompanied lithium batteries altogether after a string of ship fires. Misdeclaration fines start at $25,000–$50,000 per container and can escalate to criminal prosecution.
Drive-On, Drive-Off: Ro-Ro and Vehicle Shipping
Roll-on/Roll-off vessels dominate the finished-vehicle trade. Pure Car/Truck Carriers (PCTCs) with 13–14 decks can carry 8,000+ cars each and have become some of the most valuable ships afloat. Used-car exporters in Japan, South Korea, and Europe rely on monthly schedules to the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. Accompanied Ro-Ro (drivers travelling with their trucks) remains vital for intra-European and Mediterranean freight.
The Special Cases: Live Animals, Waste, and Recycling
Live animals – from day-old chicks to thoroughbred horses and zoo elephants – travel under IATA Live Animals Regulations (air) or strict maritime welfare rules that often require permanent ventilation, non-slip flooring, and a vet or experienced attendant on board.
Waste and scrap shipments have exploded with the circular economy, but so have the regulations. The Basel Convention and regional laws (EU Waste Shipment Regulation, China’s various import bans) classify waste as green-list (low risk), amber-list (needs notification), or red-list (often banned). Sending contaminated plastic scrap to Southeast Asia can now result in the container being returned at your expense, plus hefty fines.
How to Choose the Right Category (And Sleep at Night)
Run your cargo through this quick decision tree:
- Fits in a standard dry box, no power needed → FCL or LCL
- Needs constant temperature or atmosphere control → Reefer (integral or porthole)
- Too big/tall/heavy for a closed box → Flat-rack, open-top or break-bulk
- Pourable and under 26,000 litres → ISO tank; bigger volumes → parcel tanker or full charter
- Drives or rolls → Ro-Ro or car carrier
- Hazardous in any way → IMDG/ADR specialist + perfect paperwork
- Alive or waste → licences, notifications, and pre-approvals months ahead
The smartest move is to find a freight forwarder or NVOCC that genuinely specialises in your cargo type rather than chasing the lowest spot rate. A container expert may know nothing about chartering a Handysize bulker; a reefer specialist will save you far more than they cost when a cold-chain shipment is at risk.
In 2025, with decarbonisation rules tightening, new low-sulphur fuels, and digital platforms finally making VGM and eBLs (electronic bills of lading) routine, the fundamentals remain unchanged: classify correctly, document honestly, and partner wisely.
Get those three things right and your cargo will arrive on time, intact, and without surprise invoices. Get them wrong and you’ll learn the hard way why the shipping industry has so many regulations in the first place.
Safe – and correctly classified – voyages ahead.
“Finally – A Forwarder That Knows Your Cargo Better Than You Do”
When it comes to turning the nightmare of cargo classification into something straightforward and stress-free, Teeparam Logistics stands out as one of the most reliable partners I’ve come across. Whether you’re wrestling with an out-of-gauge wind blade, a temperature-critical pharma reefer load, a tricky IMDG consignment of lithium batteries, or simply deciding between FCL and LCL for your regular shipments, their team actually understands the real-world differences that matter – not just the theory.
They’ll walk you through the right container type, flag dangerous-goods pitfalls before they become expensive mistakes, sort the VGM and IMDG paperwork properly the first time, and even advise when you’re better off switching to flat-rack, Ro-Ro, or break-bulk instead of forcing everything into a standard box. In an industry full of generalists who quote fast and regret later, Teeparam’s depth of knowledge on cargo types saves clients time, money, and a lot of headaches.
If you’re tired of forwarders who only discover your cargo is “special” after the booking is made, give Teeparam Logistics a call. They get the details right from day one – exactly what every shipper needs in today’s complicated world of global freight.
